Colour models
HEX and RGB describe the same sRGB triplet. HSL and HSV rearrange it into hue, then either lightness or value — handy for generating palettes by rotating hue. CMYK here is a simple screen approximation (not a print ICC profile).
Harmonies
Complementary colours sit 180° apart on the hue wheel. Analogous neighbours (±30°) feel quieter. Triadic (120°) and tetradic (90°) schemes are louder and need a dominant colour. Monochromatic keeps hue fixed and walks lightness.
Before shipping a UI palette, check body text against WCAG contrast. Dark text on a light card is the usual pass; pale grey on teal often fails AA.